Laboratory for Leisure, Tourism & Sport

The University of Connecticut

Andrew Yiannakis, Director

Gender Issues in Sport (#35)

Researched and Compiled by: Scott Wherley, PhD. Candidate in Sport Management Email: wherley@athletics.ath.uconn.edu 101 References. Updated February '98.


Acosta, R. V., & Carpenter, L.J. (1985). Status of women in athletics: changes and causes. Journal of Physical Education, Recreation, and Dance, 56(8), 35-37. Acosta, V. & Carpenter, L. J. (1992). As the years go by- coaching opportunities in the 1990's. Journal of Physical Education, Recreation, and Dance, 63, 36- 41. Anderson, D. F., & Gill, K. A. (1983). Occupational socialization patterns of men's and women's interscholastic basketball coaches. Journal of Sport Behavior, 6, 105-115. Bridges, J. S. (1989). Sex differences in occupational values. Sex Roles, 20(3-4), 205-210. Cuneen, J., & Sidwell, M. J. (1994). Gender implications in job application tendencies among undergraduate sport and management majors. Sex Roles, 30(11-12), 835-844. Deaux, K., & Lewis, L. L. (1984). Structure of gender stereotypes: interrelationships among components and gender label. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 46(5), 991-1004. George, J. J. (1989). Finding solutions to the problem of fewer female coaches. Physical Educator, 46, 2-8. Hart, B. A., Hasbrook, C. A., & Mathes, S. A. (1986). An examination of the reduction in the number of female interscholastic coaches. Research Quarterly for Exercise and Sport, 57(1), 68-77. Hasbrook C. A. (1988). Female coaches: why the declining numbers and percentages? Journal of Physical Education, Recreation, and Dance, 59(6), 59-63. Hasbrook, C. A., Hart, B. A., Mathes, S. A., & Trube, S. (1990). Sex bias and the validity of believed differences between male and female interscholastic athletic coaches. Research Quarterlyfor Exercise and Sport, 61(3), 259-267. Heilman, M. E., Bloclc, C. J., Martell, R. F., & Simon, M. C. (1989). Has anything changed? Current characterizatins of men, women and managers. Journal of Applied Psychology, 74(6), 935-942. Inglis, S. E. (1988). The representation of women in university athletic programs. Journal of Sport Management, 2, 14-25. Judd, M. R. (1995). A gender comparison of competencies important for success in college athletic administration. Physical Educator, 52, 8-13. Kane, M. J. (1990, January). Female involvement in physical recreation: gender role as a constraint. Journal of Physical Education, Recreation, and Dance, 52-56 Knoppers, A. (1992). Explaining male dominance and sex segregation in coaching: three approaches. Quest, 44, 210-227 Knoppers, A. (1987). Gender and the coaching profession. Quest, 39, 9-22. Knoppers, A., Meyer, B. B., Ewing, M., & Fortest, L. (1989). Gender and the salaries of coaches. Sociology of Sport Journal, 6, 348-361. Leung, S. A., & Plake, B. S. (1990) A choice dilemma approach for examining their relative importance of sex type and prestige preferences in the process of career choice compromise. Journal of Counseling Psychology, 37(4), 399-406. Lovett, D. J., & Lowry, C. (1988). The role of gender in leadership positions in female sport programs in Texas colleges. Journal of Sport Management, 2, 106-117. Narol, M. (1994). Equal pay act challenges face athletic administrators. Athletics Administration, 29, 6. Padilla, A., & Baumer, D. (1994). Big-time college sports: management and economic issues. Journal of Sport and Social lssues, 18(2), 123-143. Staurowsky, B. J. (1995, February) Examining the roots of a gendered division of labor in intercollegiate athletics: insight into the gender equity debate. Journal of Sport and Social Issues, 2844. Weinberg, R., Reveless, M., & Jackson, A. (1984). Attiudes of male and female athletes toward male and female coaches. Journal of Sport Psychology, 6, 448-453. Wiley, M. G. (1991). Gender, work and stress: the potential impact of role-identity, salience and commitment. Thc Sociological Quartcrly, 32(4), 49S-510. Wilkerson, M. (1996). Explaining the presence of men coaches in women's sports: the uncertainty hypothesis. Journal of Sport and Social Issues, 20(4), 411-426. Young, D. (1990). Mentoring and networking: perceptions by athletic administrators. Journal of Sport Management. 4, 71-75 Blum, Anne. (1995) Financial disparity as evidence of discrimination under Title IX. Villanova Sports & Entertainment Law Forum, Vol. 2:1, p. 5. Creating gender neutral coaches' employment and compensation systems: A resource manual (September, 1995). Women's Sports Foundation, Eisenhower Park, East Meadow, NY 11554. (800)227-3988 Curtis, Mary C. & Cnristine H.B. Grant. Gender Equity in Sports. World Wide Web/laternet: http:/www.lib.uiowa.edu/proj/ge/ Davidson, George A. and Carla A. Kerr. (1995) Title IX: What is gender equity? Villanova Sports & Entertaimnent Law Forum, Vol. 2:1, p. 25. Forseth, Renee, Jennifer Daram, & Eric Sobocinski. (1995) Comment: Progress in gender equity?: An overview of the history and future of Title IX of the Education Amendments Act of 1972. Villanova Sports & Entertainment Law Forum, Vol. 2:1, p. 51. Fulks, Danid L. (August 1994) Revenues and expenses of intercollegiate athletics programs: Financial trends and relationships - 1993. NCAA, 6201 College Boulevard, Overland Park, Kansas 6621 1-2422. (913)339-1906. George, B. Glenn. (1995) Who plays and who pays: Defining Equality in Intercollegiate athletics. Wisconsin Law Review, Vol. 3. D. 647. Heckman, Diane. (Fall 1994) The explosion of Tide IX legal activity in intercollegiate athletics during 1992-93: Defining the "equal opportunity" standard Detroit College of Law Review, Issue 3. Heckman, Diane. (1992) Women & athletics: A twenty year retrospective on Title IX. University of Miami Entertaimnent & Sports Law Review, Vol 9. Images &` words: Guidelines for female addetes, media, public relations, advertising, and marketing communities. Women's Sports Foundation, Eisenhower Park, East Meadow, NY 11554. (516)542-4700 National Association of College Women Athletic Administrators c/o Jane Bettes 40 Wagonwheel Rd. Judbury, MA 01776 (508) 443-3895 National Association of girls and Women in Sports 1900 Association Dr. Reston, VA 22091-1599 (703)476-3462 National Women's Law Center Contact: Etlen Varyas (202) 328-5160 Women's Sports Foundation Eisenhower Park East Meadows Rd. New York, New York 11554 (800) 227-3988; (516) 542-4700; (800) 227-3988; WOSPORT@AOL.COM Feery, John. (1994). "Team Input Shapes a College's Sexual Harassment Policy.~ Personnel Journal. Gilbeaut, lohn. (1997). ~Shooting for Parity on the Playing Fields." American Bar Association. Lay, Nancy. (1990). "A Tite IX Dialogue~ The Joumal of Physical Education Recreation and Dance. Naughton, Jim. (1997). "Bias Complaint Forces Colleges to Confront Tension between Title IX and NCAA Rules." The Chronicle of Higher Education. Ravioli, David E. (1996). "Harassment Cases Created School Daze." The National Law Journal. Skolaick, Andrew A.(1996). "Health Pros want New Rules for Girl Athletes." The Journal of American Medical Association Spink, Kevm S. (1995). "Cohesion and Intention to Participate of Female Sport Team Athletes." Journal of Sports & Taylor, Marice C. (1995). "Sexual Harassment and Institutional Liability." The Western Journal of Black Studies. Wolohan, John T. (1995). "Title IX Sexual Harassment of Student Athletes." The Journal of Physical Education Recreation and Dance. Worsnop, Richard L. (1997). "Does Federal law help Female Athetes by Hurting Men?" Congressional Ouarterly Researcher. Worsnop, Richard L (1994). "College Sports: Will reform help or hurt student athletes?" Congressional Quarterly Research. Albert, Tanya - Women Show They Can Make Money, USA TODAY, 3/4/97 Berlow, Lawrence H. (1994) Sports Ethics Santa Barbara, CA: ABC-CLIO. Brady, Erik; Witosky, Tom Title IX Improves Women's Participation Gannett News Service 3/3/97 Carpenter, Linda Jean, Ph.D., J.D. and R Vivian Acosta, Ph.D (1993). Playing by the Rules: equity in sports. CUPA. Vol. Cohen vs. Brown University (1997) Creedon, Pamela J. (1994). Women, Media, and Sport. Thousand Oaks, CA.: Sage Publications Durrant, Sue M. (1992). Title IX--its power and its limitations. Journal of Physical Education, Recreation, and Dance. Franklin vs. Gwinnen County Public Schools (1992) Fox, Connie. (1992). Title IX and athletic administration. Journal of Physical Education, Recreation, and Dance. Vol. 63 Grove City vs. Bell Jenkins, Sally (1996) Men Will Be Boys: The Modern Woman Explains Football and Other Amusmg Male Rituals. Why are Women Trymg to Kill Football p. 200-221 Kirby, Doris; Patricia H. Murrell, and Robert O. Riggs. (1992). Title IX: the paper tiger gets teeth. AGB Reports. Vol. 34 Ley, Bob Outside the Lines: Women in Sports ESPN aired 4/21/97 Lovett, Dorothy J., and Carla Lowry. (1988) The role of gender in leadership positions in female sport programs in Texas colleges. Journal of Sport Management. Vol. 2 Loven, Dorothy J., and Carla Lowry. (1995) Women and the NCAA: Not Seperate-Not Equal Journal of Sport Management. Vol. 9 NCAA Gender Equity Study: Summary of Results (1992). Statistical Data 1997 NCAA Committee on Women's Athletics: Joan Boand - Grand Valley State University Gary Camey - Lafayene University Dianthia Ford - Shaw College Bob Frederick - Kansas University Jim Jarren - Old Dominion University Cheryl Levick - Stanford University Bernadette McGlade - Georgia Tech University Linda Moulton - Clark College Sondra Norell-Thomas - Howard University Dick Rasmussen - University Athletic Association Sheila Wallace-Kovalchik - Michigan Intercollegiate Athletic Conference Pavlovich, Lou, Editor: Collegiate Baseball MORE PROBLEMS: Tide IX Rears Its Ugly Head Again; College Roster Limits Begin to Plummet Thanks to Proportionality Rule in Tide IX. (1/24/97) Pearson, Barbara; Albert, Tanya Gender Equity in 1997: About this Series USA T()DAY 3/5197 Powell, Rita, (Sept. 3, 1996) The Look of an Athlete, Atlanta Constitution Journal, Atlanta, GA Title IX of the Education Amendments of 1972: A Policy Interpretation (1979). Federal Register Vol. 44 University of lowa, (1997) lowa City, IA Basic Title IX Presentation (No Author) USA Today: Special Report (1996) Gender Equity Today: Is It Working www.usatoday.com Vanderzweag, Harold J. (1988). Policy Development in Sport Management Indianapolis, IN.: Benchmark Press, Inc. Vargyas, EJ. (1993). Title IX: Q and A. Journal of College and University Law. Vol. 19 Viverito, Patty - Chairwoman, NCAA Comminee on Women's Athletics & Assistant Commissioner Missouri Valley Conference, 1000 Union Station Suite 333, St. Louis, MO 63103 (314) 421-0339 Witosky, Tom - More Opportunities Does Not Mean Equality Gannett News Service 3/3/97 Witosky, Tom - Schools Drop Sports to Meet Title IX Gannett News Service; 2/28/97 Wolohan, John T. (1995). Title IX and sexual harassment of student athletes. Journal of Physical Education, Recreation, end Dance. Vol. 66 Audene, D. N. (1982). The effects of Tide IX legislation and regulations on the administration of intercollegiate athletic programs for Division I, II, and III of die NCAA. Microform Publications, College of Health, Physical Educadon and Recreation, University of Oregon, Portland. (University Microfilms No. PE2544f) Boxill, J. (1993). Tide IX and gender equity. Journal of the Philosophy of Sports, 20-21, 23-31. Bruce, T. (1993). Tide IX: 21 years of progress? Women in Sport and Physical Activity Journal, 2, 73-79. Crawford, J. D., & Strope, J. L. (1996). Gender equity in college athletics: How far have we really come in twenty years? West's-Educational-Law-Quarterly, 5, 189-201. Francis, L. P. (1993). Title IX: Equality for women's sports? Journal of the Philosophy of Sports, 20-21, 32-47. Gender equity in sports. HTML: http://www.arcade.uiowacdu/proj/ge. (1997). Grant, C. (1995). A basic Title IX presentation: Title IX and gender equity. HTML: http://www3.arcade.uiowacdu/proj/ge/pracnt.htm#50. (1995). Lazerson, M., & Wagener, U. (1996). Missed opportunities: Lessons from the Title IX at Brown. Change, 28, 46-52. Mathes, S., & Wolohan, J. T. (1996). Title IX and sexual harassment of student athletes: A look back and to die future. Journal of Sport Management, 10, 65-75. McCabe, R., & Tudhill, C. (1995). Women and blacks in college sports. New England Journal of History, 52, 54-62. National Collegiate Athletic Association. (1996). Achieving gender equity: A basic guide to Tide IX and gender equity in athletics for colleges and universities, Kansas: Overland Park. Shaw, P. L. (1995). Achieving Title IX gender equity in college athletics in an era of fiscal austerity. Joumal of Sport & Social Issues, 19, 6-27. Strongquist, N. P. (1993). Sex-Equity legislation in education: The state as a promoter of women's rights. Review of Educational Research, 63, 379-407. Swain, l. (1979). Implementation of Title IX - prohibition of sex discrimination in intercollegiate athletics by the Califomia State University and Colleges and the University of Califomia campuses. Microfomm Publications, College of Health, Physical Education and Recreation, University of Oregon, Portand. (University Microfilms No. PE2085f) Tharp, L. R. (1994). The Effects Title IX has had on intramural sports. Journal of the National Intramural Recreational Sports Association, 19, 29-31. Title IX litigation: The broadened scope and enforcement remedies of Title IX. HTML: http://www.law.villa.edu/vls/joumals/vselj/volume2. (1996). Warling, K. J. (1993). Effect of Title IX on the employment of women high school coaches and athletic directors in the state of Iowa. Unpublished master's thesis, Westem Illinois University, Macomb, IL. Wilde, T. J. (1995). Seeking equitable distribution of opportunities for intercollegiate athletic participation between the sexes. Journal of Sport Management, 9, 300-316. WNEDTV (Production Company). (1997) Title IX - Fair play in the schools [Film]. (Available from PBS, 1320 Braddock Place, Alexandria, VA 22314-1698. (800)344-3337).)