197
Refrigerated meat packing.
w
Systemic reorganization of
meat-packing industry.
w
Required network of
refrigerated railroad cars,
ice houses, warehouses,
and retailing outlets.
w
Swift forced to integrate
vertically to overcome
dynamic transaction costs.
Great Union Stock
Yards, Chicago,
early 20th century.
Gustavus F.
Swift (1839-
1903).
