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Patents and Monopolies.
§Origin of the word patent.
§Typical Elizabethan monopolies:
§Saltpeter, gunpowder, salt, paper.
§In 1603, Elizabeth declares monopolies contrary to common law.
§In re: playing cards.
§Pressure from merchants and courts.
§Statute of monopolies (1625).
Queen Elizabeth I (1533-1603).  Ruled 1558-1603.  Attributed to Nicholas Hilliard. The Tate Gallery, London.