9
Coinage.
§Unification quicker and easier.
§Theory of money.
§England: unification under Henry II in 12th century.
§Depreciation ceases.
§France: a talent for manipulating coinage.
§Germany: coinage remains largest obstruction to internal trade.
Rembrandt, detail from The Moneychanger (1627), Staatliche Museen, Gemäldegalerie, Berlin.