6
Tolls and internal customs barriers.
§Not only tariffs at political boundaries but also internal tolls.
§Roads and waterways.
§Markets and towns.
§Customs barriers every six miles on the best roads.
§More than 60 tolls on the Rhine by the end of the Middle Ages.
§In France, still 1600 tolls at the time of the French Revolution (1789).
Rembrandt, detail from The Moneychanger (1627), Staatliche Museen, Gemäldegalerie, Berlin.