Systematics VII

The derived Percomorpha

  1. Order Scorpaeniformes
    1. Taxonomy
      1. Big group: 25 or so families, almost 1300 spp.
      2. Diagnostic is spiny bone ventral to eye, a suborbital stay
      3. Usually spiny heads, big pectoral fins
      4. focus here on family Scorpaenidae
    2. General biology
      1. Most marine
      2. Many venomous
    3. Scorpionfishes (Slide)
      1. Cryptic, benthic, venomous. But this subfamily includes non-venomous leaf fish
    4. Stonefishes (Slide)
      1. A different subfamily, highly venomous
    5. Rockfishes (Slide)
      1. This is yet another subfamily of scorpaenids, tends to be less bottom-oriented
      2. Very diverse on west coast
      3. Live-bearing, larvae are quite small and dispersive
      4. fisheries: in poor shape, because fish grow slowly: bigger rockfish 100 years old!
    6. Lionfish/Turkeyfishes (Slide 16, 17, 18)
      1. Another scorpaenid subfamily, characteristically, big pectoral fins.
      2. Indopacific
      3. Highly venomous, colorful banding
      4. Eggs in big gelatinous cases
    7. Other scorpaeniforms
      1. There are lots of others.
      2. Includes sea robins
      3. Flatheads (Slide 19)
  2. Order Perciformes
    1. Importance
      1. biggest vertebrate order
      2. About 20 suborders, 9300 spp.
      3. Greatest diversity in coral reef habitats
        1. 6 of 8 largest families mostly reef fishes
    2. Systematics
      1. Not monophyletic
      2. Characters
        1. spines
        2. spinous dorsal separate or distinct from soft rayed dorsal
        3. thoracic or jugular pelvics
        4. pects placed anterior with vertical fin bases
        5. physoclistous sb
        6. ctenoid scales
        7. maxilla excluded from gape
      3. What do we need to know?

    Don't need to memorize all families I cover here. Read the book and get to know the names there.

  3. SubO Percoidei; know this one (slides)
    1. Systematics
      1. Percoids are a paradigmatic taxon of an advanced bony fish.
      2. Note handout, summarizing evolutionary changes. Not a focus on synapomorphies, but distinguishing features
      3. Generalized body forms, but diverse habits
    2. Note that most targets of sportfishing are in this group
  4. SubO Labroidei; know this one
    1. Systematics:
      1. cichlids, damselfish, surfperch, wrasses and parrotfishes
      2. About ¼ of perciform spp. Half of these are cichlids
      3. Monophyly based on pharyngeal jaws
        1. These jaws a key innovation: possibly has led to considerable radiation
      4. brand-new molecular evidence 'crushes' monophyly hypothesis
    2. Reproductive patterns
      1. Cichlids are nest builders or various kind of brooders (Slide)
      2. Embiotocids are livebearing (Slide)
      3. Damselfish are nest builders, don't brood (with one exception) (Slides)
      4. Wrasses and parrotfish are broadcast spawners, and tend to change sex (Slides)
  5. SubO Zoarcoidei
    1. Elongate, with long medial fins, reduced pelvics. Single nostril. Nothing to distinguish from blennioids
    2. All marine. Includes the eelpout.
  6. Suborder Trachinoidei (Slides)
    1. Quite unclear what unites families in this group
    2. Most are tropical marine burrowers
  7. SubO Blennioidei; know this one (Slide)
    1. A large number of synapomorphies define this group. External features: elongate, small jugular pelvics, long dorsals, usually prominent cirri on head
  8. Suborder Gobiesocoidei (Slide)
    1. Just one family; systematics quite unclear.
      1. Paracanthopterygians, close to the Batrachoidiformes: among other similarities, sperm morphology
      2. Here, placed close to the dragonets
    2. Characters: many, including a specialized sucking disc formed from modified pelvics.
    3. Intertidal, a few freshwater, and shallow marine
  9. Suborder Callionymoidei (Slide)
    1. The family illustrated is sexually dimorphic, male shown here. Females drab.
  10. Suborder Gobioidei; know this one (Slides)
    1. Systematics
      1. Pelvics united into sucker, or close to it; lack lateral line, swim bladder; gill membranes united to isthmus
    2. Biology
      1. Includes the gobies, which are remarkable in several ways. More marine species than any other; also often the most abundant fw fish on oceanic islands.
      2. Gobies numerically dominant in coral reef habitats
      3. Note mutualistic habits of shrimp gobies
  11. SubO Acanthuroidei; know this one (Slides)
    1. Small mouth, strongly compressed body, nonprotrusible or slightly protrusible premax. Many members herbivorous, and have specialized larval stage.
    2. spadefish, rabbitfish, surgeonfish
  12. SubO Scombroidei; know this one
    1. Fixed premaxilla, for feeding on large prey. These are ram feeders.
    2. barracuda, mackerel, tuna, billfish
  13. Suborder Stromateiodei (Slide)
    1. Includes the butterfish
  14. Order Pleuronectiformes; know this (Slide)
    1. Flatfish: one eye migrates to other side of neurocranium during development, so adult body not bilaterally symmetric. Most flatfish live life sideways. Benthic and carnivorous
    2. Underside usually light, upper side pigmented. Some capable of rapid color change to match background.
  15. Order Tetraodontiformes (Slides)
    1. Fusion of lots of head bones; slow swimmers, so scales usually modified as spines, shields or plates.
    2. Sound production by grinding jaw teeth, pharyngeal teeth or in swim bladder

 

Slides, Systematics VI

Order Scorpaeniformes, Fam. Scorpaenidae: Taenianotus triacanthus, leaf fish

Order Scorpaeniformes, Fam. Scorpaenidae: Synanceia verrucosa, stonefish

Order Scorpaeniformes, Fam. Scorpaenidae: Sebastes atrovirens, kelp rockfish

Order Scorpaeniformes, Fam. Scorpaenidae: Pterois antennata, lionfish

Order Scorpaeniformes, Fam. Scorpaenidae: Pterois volitans, lionfish

Order Scorpaeniformes, Fam. Scorpaenidae: Dendrochirus zebra, zebra lionfish

Order Scorpaeniformes, Fam. Platycephalidae: Cymbacephalus beauforti, crocodilefish

Order Perciformes, Suborder Percoidei, Fam. Moronidae: Morone americana, white perch

Order Perciformes, Suborder Percoidei, Fam. Serranidae: Cephalopholis miniata, rock-cod

Order Perciformes, Suborder Percoidei, Family Centrarchidae: Lepomis cyanellus, green sunfish

Order Perciformes, Suborder Percoidei, Family Percidae: Stizostedion vitreum, walleye

Order Perciformes, Suborder Percoidei, Family Apogonidae: Apogon leptacanthus, cardinalfish

Order Perciformes, Suborder Percoidei, Family Carangidae: Carangoides orthogrammus, jack

Order Perciformes, Suborder Percoidei, Family Lutjanidae: Macolor niger, black snapper juvenile.

Order Perciformes, Suborder Percoidei, Family Lutjanidae: Macolor niger, black snapper adult

Order Perciformes, Suborder Percoidei, Family Haemulidae: Plectorhynchus orientalis, oriental sweetlips

Order Perciformes, Suborder Percoidei, Family Sparidae: Stenotomus chrysops, scup

Order Perciformes, Suborder Percoidei, Family Sciaenidae: Micropogonias undulatus Atlantic croaker

Order Perciformes, Suborder Percoidei, Family Pempheridae: Pempheris sp., sweeper

Order Perciformes, Suborder Percoidei, Family Chaetodontidae: Chaetodon capistratus, foureye butterflyfish

Order Perciformes, Suborder Percoidei, Family Chaetodontidae: Forcipiger flavissimus, longnose butterflyfish

Order Perciformes, Suborder Percoidei, Family Pomacanthidae: Holacanthus ciliaris, queen angelfish

Order Perciformes, Suborder Percoidei, Family Cirrhitidae: Cirrhitichthys falco, coral hawkfish

Order Perciformes, Suborder Labroidei, Family Cichlidae: assorted cichlids

Order Perciformes, Suborder Labroidei, Family Embiotocidae: Micrometrus minimus, dwarf surfperch

Order Perciformes, Suborder Labroidei, Family Pomacentridae: Abedefduf saxatilis, sergeant major

Order Perciformes, Suborder Labroidei, Family Pomacentridae: Amphiprion ocellaris, clownfish

Order Perciformes, Suborder Labroidei, Family Pomacentridae: Acanthochromis polyacanthus, spiny-tail puller

Order Perciformes, Suborder Labroidei, Family Labridae: Coris gaimard, wrasse juvenile

Order Perciformes, Suborder Labroidei, Family Labridae: Coris gaimard, wrasse mature initial phase

Order Perciformes, Suborder Labroidei, Family Labridae: Labroides dimidiatus, cleaner wrasse

Order Perciformes, Suborder Labroidei, Family Scaridae: Cetoscarus bicolor, two-color parrotfish, juvenile

Order Perciformes, Suborder Labroidei, Family Scaridae: Cetoscarus bicolor, two-color parrotfish, initial phase adult

Order Perciformes, Suborder Labroidei, Family Scaridae: Cetoscarus bicolor, two-color parrotfish, terminal phase male

Order Perciformes, Suborder Trachinoidei, Family Trichodontidae: Trichonotus sp., sand-diver, male

Order Perciformes, Suborder Trachinoidei, Family Uranoscopidae: Uranoscopus sp., stargazer

Order Perciformes, Suborder Blennioidei, Family Blenniidae: Ecsenius melarchus, yellow-eye comb-tooth blenny

Order Perciformes, Suborder Gobiesocoidei, Family Gobiesocidae: Diademichthys lineatus, striped clingfish

Order Perciformes, Suborder Callionymoidei, Family Callionymidae: Synchiropus ocellatus, marbled dragonet

Order Perciformes, Suborder Gobioidei, Family Gobiidae: Amblyeleotris latifasciata, shrimp goby

Order Perciformes, Suborder Gobioidei, Family Gobiidae: Amblyeleotris sp., shrimp goby

Order Perciformes, Suborder Gobioidei, Family Microdesmidae: Nemateleotris magnifica, red fire-goby

Order Perciformes, Suborder Acanthuroidei, Family Ephippidae: Platax pinnatus, batfish juvenile

Order Perciformes, Suborder Acanthuroidei, Family Siganidae: Siganus vulpinus, fox-face rabbitfish

Order Perciformes, Suborder Acanthuroidei, Family Acanthuridae: Acanthurus bariens, eyespot surgeon

Order Perciformes, Suborder Acanthuroidei, Family Acanthuridae: Naso annulatus, unicornfish

Order Perciformes, Suborder Stromateoidei, Family Stromateidae: Peprilus triacanthus, butterfish

Order Pleuronectiformes, Family Bothidae: Bothus mancus

Order Tetraodontiformes, Family Balistidae: Balistoides conspicillum, clown trigger

Order Tetraodontiformes, Family Balistidae: Balistopus undulatus, striped trigger

Order Tetraodontiformes, Family Monacanthidae: Oxymonacanthus longirostris, coral filefish

Order Tetraodontiformes, Family Tetraodontidae: Canthigaster valentini, saddled puffer

Order Tetraodontiformes, Family Diodontidae: Diodon hystrix,

Order Tetraodontiformes, Family Diodontidae: Diodon lituros,

Order Tetraodontiformes, Family Molidae: Mola mola, ocean sunfish