Biology 107

 

Study Guide: Excretory system.

Chapter 44

 

  1. What are the different regions of the kidney?  What regions include nephrons?
  2. Diagram the parts of a nephron.  What route does the filtrate follow through the nephron?  What route do the capillaries follow relative to the nephron?
  3. Where does filtration occur?  How does the chemistry of the filtrate in BowmansÕs capsule compare to that of blood? 
  4. What molecules are actively pumped from the filtrate in the proximal tubule?  What molecules are actively pumped into the filtrate in the proximal tubule? 
  5. What portions of the descending and ascending limbs of the loop of Henle are permeable to water?  What portions allow the passive transport of NaCl?  What happens to the NaCl that leaves the filtrate at the thin segment of the loop of Henle?
  6. What is the osmolarity of the filtrate at the distal tubule?  How does this compare to the osmolarity in the loop of Henle?
  7. How does the countercurrent arrangement  between the nephron and vasa recta help maintain the concentration of salts in the renal medulla?
  8. Where can urea leave the filtrate?  How does this contribute to the process of water retention?
  9. How does the hypothalamus regulate the amount of water loss in urine?
  10. How does the kidney contribute to homeostasis in blood osmolarity and blood pressure?

 

Sample questions from previous exams:

 

1.      Which of the following traits is characteristic of ALL types of muscle tissue?
(a) cells that lengthen when appropriately stimulated
(b) response that can be consciously controlled
(c) striated banding pattern seen under the microscope
(d) intercalated disks that allow cells to communicate
(e) cells that contain actin and myosin

 

2.     It is important to get some vitamin B1 every day, but it is all right if intake of vitamin A varies a bit.  Why?
     (a) Vitamin B1 is an essential nutrient and vitamin A is not
     (b) Vitamin A is water-soluble and vitamin B1 is fat soluble
     (c) The body needs much larger amounts of vitamin B1 than vitamin A
     (d) Vitamin A can be stored by the body, but vitamin B1 cannot.
     (e) The body requires vitamin B1, but vitamin A is just an ÒextraÓ

 

3.     Which of the following best describes an artery?
(a) Carries oxygenated blood
(b) Contains valves
(c) Carries blood away from the heart
(d) Carries blood away from capillaries
(e) Is located near the heart

 

4.     Which of the following is NOT a normal event in the process of blood clotting?
     (a) a non-physiological surface is exposed in blood vessels
     (b) proliferation of leukocytes
     (c) adhesion of platelets to collagen fibers
     (d) conversion of fibrinogen to fibrin
     (e) clotting factor release by clumped platelets

 

5.      The MHC (major histocompatibility complex)
     (a) is important in distinguishing self from nonself
     (b) is necessary for recognizing parasitic pathogens
     (c) must be tested prior to blood transfusion
     (d) is found on the surface of bacterial invaders
     (e) is also called the T cell receptor

 

 

6. Consumption of beer affects the amount of urine formed by interacting with which   regulatory system?
     (a) juxtaglomerular apparatus
     (b) renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system (RAAS)
     (c) antidiuretic hormone
     (d) atrial natriuretic factor
     (e) the conversion of angiotensinogen to angiotensin II