Version 3

1. A Skeletal and Cardiac muscle are both striated. Skeletal muscle is voluntary.

2. A

3. B

4. A Nutrients, gasses, and wastes must diffuse through liquid.

5. E

6. D

7. E Ectotherms expend much less energy than endotherms.

8. D Essential nutrients must be aquired from diet because they are not made in the body.

9. A Widely dispersed cells in an extracellular matrix fit the definition of connective tissue

10. B Carbohydrates are broken down by salivary amylase in the mouth.

11. B Scurvy is caused by a Vitamin C deficiency.

12. A Vitamins A, D, E, and K are fat soluble.

13. B Zymogens are secreted as inactive precursors and then activated. Bile salts solubilize fats.

14. C

15. B Fats enter the villi and then go into the lacteal, which is part of the lymph system

16. B They are all zymogens activated by enteropeptidase.

17. B

18. D

19. D The SA node controls the rate of heart beats.

20. C Number 4 is the pulmonary artery which carries blood to the lungs.

21. C Organisms with a closed system have both blood and interstitial fluid.

22. E Capillaries have the greatest cross sectional area and thus lowest velocity of blood.

23. E CO₂ forms carbonic acid, and the acidity is detected in the brain.

24. D The lymphatic system carries away excess fluids from the tissues.

25. D Contraction of the diaphragm increases the volume of the thoracic cavity.

26. D Most CO₂ forms carbonic acid, which dissociates into bicarbonate that is transported in the plasma.

27. A Fibrin comprises the sticky fibers that catch cellular elements.

28. B The immune system makes up the specific defense mechanism.

29. D Plasma cells are a type of B cell, and secrete antibodies in humoral immunity.

30. E CD4 and CD8 are located next to the T cell receptor and help recognize MHC.

31. B Release of histamine is one of the first events, and triggers the others.

32. C Cytotoxic T cells patrol for infected cells in tissues.

33. E Humoral immunity is mediated by B cells, which develop in the bone marrow.

34. B Perforin pokes holes in cells targeted by cytotoxic T cells.

35. D T helper cells bind to antigen presenting cells

36. A The MHC is on the surface of the APC, and carries bits of antigen (3) to the surface (2), and the MHC/antigen complex is recognized by T helper cells.

37. B Illumination means to put a light on something. There is no heat involved in illumination.

38. D Protein contains nitrogen and is the source of nitrogenous wastes.

39. D The hypothalamus controls many aspects of homeostasis

40. E Reabsorption is the transport of things the body needs from the filtrate back into the body.

41. E Ammonia is converted to urea which is less toxic, and doesn’t need to be washed from the body with lots of water.

42. C The often-stated definition of nephron.

43. A Filtration occurs between the glomerulus and the Bowman’s capsule.

44. D Lots of water has left the filtrate and the salt concentration gets very high at this location.

45. B Secretin is involved in digestion.