Lecture Notes: Introduction
Last revised: Monday, January 6, 2003 Copyright 2002. Thomas M. Terry
Reading: Ch. 1 in text
Note: These notes are provided as a guide to topics the instructor hopes to cover during lecture. Actual coverage will always differ somewhat from what is printed here. These notes are not a substitute for the actual lecture!
What is Biology?
"Biology" is not one science -- it is dozens of different sciences, each with its own set of tools and techniques, theories and questions, puzzles and paradigms. Here are some examples of biological sciences:- Biochemistry: biological molecules and their interactions; metabolism
- Microbiology: bacteria, viruses, and other microscopic organisms, and their interactions with other organisms
- Cytology and Histology: cell structures and their functions
- Physiology: functions of tissues, organs and organ systems, such as the muscular system, the nervous system, etc.
- Botany: plant diversity, structure, and functions
- Zoology: animal diversity, structure, and functions
- Genetics: the mechanisms of heredity, including its molecular machinery (DNA) and its observable consequences (e.g., genetic diseases).
- Evolution: the mechanisms by which populations change over time
- Ecology: the interactions of organisms with each other and their environments.
What is studied in this course, Biology 107?
- First half of the semester: focus in on The Life of the Cell, including introduction to biochemistry and cytology.
- Second half the semester: focus is on Animal Physiology and Anatomy, including dissection of fetal pig (lab) and thorough study of human organ systems.
- Biology 108 surveys Botany, Genetics, Evolution, and Ecology.
Cellular Basis of Human Life
- Each adult human consist of about 1013 (10,000,000,000,000) cells. These cells live in a gigantic "commune".
- The human body contains about 200 different types of cells. Each cell has a very specialized role. Some examples:
- Unicellular blood cells:
- Some "tissues" in humans are populations of single cells that circulate throughout the body via the circulatory system. Examples:
Erythrocytes: red blood cells transport oxygen and carbon dioxide [Image link: light micrograph].
Phagocytic white blood cells: "eat" foreign materials, infectious agents, debris [Movie link: 509K 'mov.' file, from Cells Alive! Web site. Used with permission.]
- Some "tissues" in humans are populations of single cells that circulate throughout the body via the circulatory system. Examples:
- Multicellular tissue cells:
- Look at any human organ, such as the liver [Image link: light micrograph]. Then look at higher magnification -- it is made of individual liver cells [Image link: light micrograph]. View an electron micrograph of one liver cell [Image link: electron micrograph]. These are often used in textbooks as examples of "typical" cells, because they lack specialized structures that make other cells so distinctively recognizable. Actually, liver cells are biochemical specialists, converting thousands of chemicals into other chemicals so that your body can either digest or excrete them. Think "detoxification center" and you'll have a good image of a liver cell.
Liver cells can be damaged by excess alcohol. Look at the liver cells [Image link: light micrograph] in this image -- can you spot any changes from the healthy cells seen above?
- Look at any human organ, such as the liver [Image link: light micrograph]. Then look at higher magnification -- it is made of individual liver cells [Image link: light micrograph]. View an electron micrograph of one liver cell [Image link: electron micrograph]. These are often used in textbooks as examples of "typical" cells, because they lack specialized structures that make other cells so distinctively recognizable. Actually, liver cells are biochemical specialists, converting thousands of chemicals into other chemicals so that your body can either digest or excrete them. Think "detoxification center" and you'll have a good image of a liver cell.
- Unicellular blood cells:
- Each cell type has a characteristic lifetime, after which it commits suicide (apoptosis). Some examples:
- Neutrophils live about 1 day. [Image: light micrographs, including animation]
- Intestinal epithelial cells live about 3 days.
- Red blood cells live about 90 days
- Neurons live as long as 90 years
- Each cell is totally responsible for it's own "housekeeping" duties:
- maintenance and repair
- acquiring food from blood or lymph
- disposal of wastes into blood or lymph
- synthesis and regulation of all its large biomolecules
- dividing (when allowed to do so) to create new cells by the process of mitosis, and not dividing unless properly signaled (cells that divide without responding to normal signals produce CANCER).
- carrying out its own specialized tasks, such as: contracting, making antibodies, firing nerve impulses, secreting digestive enzymes, etc.
Examples: (1) nerve cells (communications specialists); (2) heart muscle cells (contraction specialists) [electron micrographs from Dennis Kunkel Microscopy. Used with permission].
- Each cell must be able to communicate with other cells and respond appropriately to signals that regulate its activity.
- Certain specialized cells must undergo a meiotic (sexual) cell division, produce eggs or sperm, and at least one such cell must find a partner if cellular life is to survive this particular individual.
Example: human egg and sperm cell [Scanning electron micrograph, from Dennis Kunkel Microscopy. Used with permission]. - Each cell must differentiate from one common ancestral cell, the fertilized egg, by a complex process of differentiation and development. Example: Developing embryo, starting from single fertilized egg. [Movie: 3.1 meg 'mov.' file, from Univ. of Penn. Health System Web site]